Medieval History

Probably, the best definition of Muhammed bin Tughlaq was "a mixture of opposites". While he was a very learned man, he was not much of a statesmen, nor was he in complete touch with reality. A number of his economic and administrative reforms, which though beneficial was perhaps too drastic and too far ahead of the time to ever hope to succeed.

Ibrahim Lodi was the Sultan of Delhi in 1526 after the death of his father Sikandar. He became the last ruler of the Lodi dynasty, reigning for nine years between 1517 until being defeated and killed by Babur's invading army in the First Battle of Panipat 1526.

In 1192, Ghori after returning to his capital Ghazni challenged Prithviraj at the Second Battle of Tarain where the latter was comprehensively beaten. The victory of Mohammad of Ghur was decisive, and laid the foundation of the Sultanate of Delhi.

A Peshwa is the titular equivalent of a modern Prime Minister. Emperor Shivaji created the Peshwa designation in order to more effectively delegate administrative duties during the growth of the Maratha Empire.

During the Delhi Sultanate, the rise of Persian speaking people to the throne naturally resulted in the spread of the Persian language in India. It was the official language and soon literary works in the language began to appear.

Jalal-ud-din Khalji was the first Khalji ruler of the Delhi Sultanate. He was killed by his cruel nephew and son-in-law Ala-ud-din Khilji when he arrived to dinner with him.

In 1236 Iltutmish, on his death-bed, nominated his daughter Raziya as his heiress. But the nobles of the court were too proud to bow their heads before a woman, and disregarding the deceased Sultan's wishes, raised to the throne his eldest surviving son, Ruknud- din Firuz.

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Maharaja Ranjit Singh was the founder of the Sikh Empire, which came to power in the Indian subcontinent in the early half of the 19th century. The empire, based in the Punjab region, existed from 1799 to 1849. It was forged, on the foundations of the Khalsa, under the leadership of Maharaja Ranjit Singh from a collection of autonomous Sikh Misls.

Nadir Shah of Iran invaded India in 1739 and sacked Agra and Delhi. Along with the Peacock Throne, he also carried off the Koh-i Noor to Persia in 1739. It was allegedly Nadir Shah who exclaimed Koh-i Noor! when he finally managed to obtain the famous stone, and this is how the stone gained its present name. There is no reference to this name before 1739.

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