Medieval History

Shivaji created an independent Maratha kingdom with Raigarh as its capital, and was crowned chhatrapati ("paramount sovereign") of the Marathas in 1674. Raigarh is a hill fortress situated in the modern day near Mahad, Raigarh district of Maharashtra.

Firuz Shah Tughlaq instituted economic policies to increase material welfare of his people. Many rest houses (sarai), gardens and tombs were built. A number of Madrasas were opened to encourage literacy. He set up hospitals for the free treatment of the poor and encouraged physicians in the development of Unani medicine.

Anangpal Tomar was a Chandravanshi Rajput, a descendant of Samrat Parikshit of Mahabharat fame. He was the first ruler to make ancient Indraprastha, modern day - Delhi his capital. Anang Pal founded the city of Lal Kot in AD 736. The Chauhans conquered Lal Kot in 1180 and renamed it Qila Rai Pithora.

Muhammad Bin Tughlaq introduced beautiful and various types of coins during his reign and fixed up their relative values. . The remarkable feature of the coinage system was the introduction of token currency and issue of copper and brass coins.

The language of the Mughals was Chagatai and later Farsi. The language of the court was Persian which is known as Farsi. The language advanced into the language Urdu.

Most of the city lies on the south bank of the Tungabhadra River. The city was built around the original religious centre of the Virupaksha temple at Hampi.

Chand Bibi, also known as Chand Khatun or Chand Sultana, was an Indian Muslim woman warrior. She acted as the Regent of Bijapur and Regent of Ahmednagar. Chand Bibi is best known for defending Ahmednagar against the Mughal forces of Emperor Akbar.

The Second Battle of Panipat was fought between the forces of Samrat Hem Chandra Vikramaditya, popularly called Hemu, the Hindu king who was ruling North India from Delhi, and the army of Akbar, on November 5, 1556.

Known as the Letter of Victory, Zafarnama was written in Persian by Guru Gobind Singh as a letter of defiance and delivered to the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb in 1707. It was composed by Guru Gobind Singh in one of the darkest times for the Sikhs. Guru Gobind Singh had lost his four sons, while most of the Sikhs had either been scattered or killed on the battlefield..

Qutb-ud-din Aibak was the first Sultan of Delhi and founder of the Ghulam dynasty (Mamluk Sultanate) of India. He ruled for only four years, from 1206 to 1210 AD. He died while playing polo in Lahore.

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