General Physics

Flint glass is optical glass that has relatively high refractive index and low Abbe number (high dispersion). A concave lens of flint glass is commonly combined with a convex lens of crown glass to produce an achromatic doublet lens because of their compensating optical properties, which reduces chromatic aberration (colour defects).

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The atmosphere is an ocean of air held in place by gravity, extending from the surface to an altitude of hundreds of kilometers, the edge of space. Energy from the sun heating the air and land surface to different degrees, drives atmospheric circulation.

A shock absorber is a mechanical device designed to smooth out or damp shock impulse, and dissipate kinetic energy. Steel is an alloy made by combining iron and other elements, the most common of these being carbon. When carbon is used, its content in the steel is between 0.2% and 2.1% by weight, depending on the grade.

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When a metal plate with a circular hole at its centre is heated, definitely along with the areal expansion of the plate the diameter of the circular hole also increases. Using the differential equations of coefficients of expansions, we find that the hole radius increases at the same linear rate as the metal.

In optics, Lambert’s cosine law says that the radiant intensity or luminous intensity observed from an ideal diffusely reflecting surface or ideal diffuse radiator is directly proportional to the cosine of the angle between the observer’s line of sight and the surface normal.

Lake ice cover is seasonal and occurs where average daily temperature is below the freezing point. Once formed the lake ice thickens over the course of the winter as the temperature gets colder. The lakes thermal structure prepares for ice with 0 (zero) degrees Celsius water at the surface and denser 4 degrees Celsius at the bottom

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI), or magnetic resonance tomography (MRT) is a medical imaging technique used in radiology to visualize internal structures of the body in detail. MRI makes use of the property of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to image nuclei of atoms inside the body.

Long distance means higher wastage of energy. So High-voltage direct-current (HVDC) technology is used for greater efficiency in very long distances. Electricity is transmitted at high voltages (110 kV or above) to reduce the energy lost in long-distance transmission.

Humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air. Water vapor is the gas phase of water and is invisible. Humidity indicates the likelihood of precipitation, dew, or fog. Higher humidity reduces the effectiveness of sweating in cooling the body by reducing the rate of evaporation of moisture from the skin. This effect is calculated in a heat index table, used during summer weather. There are three main measurements of humidity: absolute, relative and specific.

An incandescent light bulb, incandescent lamp or incandescent light globe is an electric light which produces light with a filament wire heated to a high temperature by an electric current passing through it, until it glows. Tungsten, also known as wolfram, is a chemical element.

Many contemporary uses of uranium exploit its unique nuclear properties. Uranium-235 has the distinction of being the only naturally occurring fissile isotope. Uranium-238 is fissionable by fast neutrons, and is fertile, meaning it can be transmuted to fissile plutonium-239 in a nuclear reactor.

An air cooler works on the simple principle of evaporation. It does not yield good results when humidity is high. On the contrary, the temperature of dry air can be dropped significantly through the phase transition of liquid water to water vapor (evaporation), which can cool air using much less energy than refrigeration.