General Physics

A fountain pen is a nib pen that, unlike its predecessor the dip pen, contains an internal reservoir of water-based liquid ink. The pen draws ink from the reservoir through a feed to the nib and deposits it on paper via a combination of gravity and capillary action.

Changes in weather involve air movements, formation of clouds, and precipitation. Energy is needed to make all these things happen. That energy comes from the sun. Heat energy enters and moves through the atmosphere in three different ways. One way that heat energy is transferred is radiation. Hot bodies such as the sun radiate their energy mainly in the form of short waves. These short waves are seen as visible light.

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Sir Isaac Newton brought out his monograph, titled ‘Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica,’ in 1687. In this work, Newton described universal gravitation and the three laws of motion, which dominated the scientific view of the physical universe for the next three centuries.

Superconductivity is a phenomenon of exactly zero electrical resistance and expulsion of magnetic fields occurring in certain materials when cooled below a characteristic critical temperature. It is characterized by the Meissner effect, the complete ejection of magnetic field lines from the interior of the superconductor as it transitions into the superconducting state.

Complementary colours are pairs of colours that are of “opposite” hue in some colour model. In colour theory, two colours are called complementary if, when mixed in the proper proportion, they produce a neutral colour (grey, white, or black). In roughly-perceptual colour models, the neutral colours (white, grey, and black) lie along a central axis.

Sound is a mechanical wave that is an oscillation of pressure transmitted through a solid, liquid, or gas, composed of frequencies within the range of hearing. Sound also travels through plasma.

Smog is a type of air pollution; the word “smog” was coined in the early 20th century as a portmanteau of the words smoke and fog to refer to smoky fog. The word was then intended to refer to what was sometimes known as pea soup fog, a familiar and serious problem in London from the 19th century to the mid 20th century.

Saponification is a process that produces soap, usually from fats and lye. In technical terms, saponification involves base (usually caustic soda NaOH) hydrolysis of triglycerides, which are esters of fatty acids, to form the sodium salt of a carboxylate. In addition to soap, such traditional saponification processes produces glycerol.

The density of gases depends upon the temperature. The higher the temperature, the more the molecules are spread out and the lower the density. The result is that warm gases rise and cool gases sink.

Photosynthesis, process by which green plants and certain other organisms use the energy of light to convert carbon dioxide and water into the simple sugar glucose. The wavelength most effective in conducting photosynthesis is 420nm. Actually, 420nm is on the blue side of the spectrum, which makes up between 1 and 10% of the light needed for photosynthesis.

The nuclear force (or nucleon–nucleon interaction or residual strong force) is the force between two or more nucleons. It is responsible for binding of protons and neutrons into atomic nuclei. The energy released causes the masses of nuclei to be less than the total mass of the protons and neutrons which form them;

Colour blindness or colour vision deficiency is the inability or decreased ability to see coluor, or perceive colour differences, under normal lighting conditions. The most usual cause is a fault in the development of one or more sets of retinal cones that perceive colour in light and transmit that information to the optic nerve.

Mass is how much stuff we are made of, and it is the same whether we are on Earth, on the moon, on Mercury, or anywhere else one can think of. We are held on Earth by gravity. Gravity pulling on mass is our weight .The amount gravity pulls on us anywhere depends on our mass and the mass of the other object (and how far apart the objects are).

On a mountain top the air pressure is a little lower. At higher elevations, water boils at a little lower temp than 100 degrees C. On a mountain top cooking takes longer, because it is like cooking on medium heat, instead of leaving the burner on high. Either way it will cook, one will take longer than the other.