Indian Constitution

Our National Anthem "Jana Gana Mana" which is written by Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore, was first sung at Kolkata session of Indian National Congress in 1911. It was officially adopted by constituent assembly as National Anthem of India on 24th January 1950, which was also the last day of constituent assembly.

Preamble was amended only once in 42nd amendment act of 1976, Words 'Socialist', 'Secular' and 'Integrity' were added into preamble by this amendment act after report of Sardar Swarn Singh Committee.

The most profound influence was exercised by the Government of India Act of 1935. Such features as the federal scheme, office of governor, power of federal judiciary, emergency powers etc were drawn from this Act. The British practice influenced the lawmaking procedures, rule of law, system of single citizenship, besides, of course, the model of a parliamentary government.

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Judicial review is the doctrine under which legislative and executive actions are subject to review (and possible invalidation) by the judiciary. It is an example of the separation of powers in a modern governmental system (where the judiciary is one of three branches of government).

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Benegal Narsing Rau was an Indian bureaucrat, jurist, diplomat and statesman known for his key role in drafting the Constitution of India. He was also India’s representative to the United Nations Security Council from 1950 to 1952. B.N. Rau was appointed as the Constitutional Adviser to the Constituent Assembly in formulating the Indian Constitution. He was responsible for the general structure of the its democratic framework of the Constitution and prepared its original draft.

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The English word “caste” derives from the Spanish and Portuguese casta, which the Oxford English Dictionary quotes John Minsheu’s Spanish dictionary (1599) to mean, “race, lineage, or breed.” When the Spanish colonized the New World, they used the word to mean a “clan or lineage.”

Dr. B R Ambedkar, the chairman of the Drafting committee, cal led the fundamental right to constitutional remedies as the heart and soul of the Indian constitution. Right to constitutional remedies empowers the citizens to move a court of law in case of any denial of the fundamental rights. The courts can issue various kinds of writs. These writs are habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari.

England is treated as the place where the constitutional concept germinated, though the ancient Greek and Roman Republics, too, had such a facility. In England, Henry I's proclamation of the Charter of Liberties in 1100 bound the king for the first time in his treatment of the clergy and the nobility. This idea was extended and refined by the English barony when they forced King John to sign Magna Carta in 1215.

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The Fundamental Duties in the Indian Constitution are inspired by the Constitution of erstwhile USSR.

Emergency provision in Indian constitution has been drawn from Govt. of India Act of 1935 and also borrowed from Weimar constitution of Germany. Article-352 deals with national emergency and it can be evoked on grounds of national security, threat and internal armed rebellion.